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Penry and Jumars (361) concluded that because PFRs maintain a gradient in reactant concentrations and thus of reaction rates from higher values near the reactor entrance to lower values near the exit, they are a better design for digestive processes that rely on catalytic enzymatic reactions. Digestive Features in House Sparrow Nestlings of Two Ages, and Comparison of Predicted and Observed Changes in Digesta Retention Time and Overall Digestive Efficiency*. There are four basic types of digestive systems: monogastric, avian, rumi- nant, and pseudo-ruminant. The dominant lipids in most diets are triacylglycerols (TAGs), accompanied by small amounts of various polar and nonpolar lipids, including phospholipids, sterols, and the fat-soluble vitamins A and E. The products of lipid digestion include free FAs, glycerol, monoglycerides, and lysophospholipids. Castagna M, Shayakul C, Trotti D, Sacchi VF, Harvey WR, Hediger MA. Global Ag Media provides a knowledge sharing platform offering premium news, analysis and information resources for the global agriculture industry. Bars (i.e., means) within a discrete time period (i.e., at 6, 24, 48, or 72 h) that share a common letter did not differ significantly, whereas different letters indicate significant differences at P < 0.05. Influence of age on lipase, amylase, and protease activities in pancreatic tissue and intestinal contents of young turkeys. Skin breakdown and blisters from senna-containing laxatives in young children. SMs are so pervasive that it is almost a certainty that any thorough analysis of a plant food, and maybe even many animal foods, will identify some SMs. In most mammals lactase activity is high at birth and declines sharply around weaning. Morais S, Koven W, Ronnestad I, Dinis MT, Conceicao LEC. Erickson RH, Gum JR, Jr, Lindstrom MM, McKean D, Kim YS. Koenig JE, Spor A, Scalfone N, Fricker AD, Stombaugh J, Knight R, Angenent LT, Ley RE. There is also persuasive molecular and physiological evidence for the involvement of SGLT and GLUT transporters in glucose absorption from the midgut of the pyrrochorid bug Dysdercus peruvianus, with K+, not Na+, as the likely counterion of SGLT (28). Many of the nutrient transporters are orthologous across different animal phyla, though functional details may vary (e.g., glucose and amino acid transport with K+ rather than Na+ as a counter ion). The glucose transporter SGLT1 is expressed in the intestine of both the domestic dog and cat, but its expression level is twofold greater and is more responsive to dietary carbohydrate in the dog than the cat (18, 52). However, modeling approaches have still guided research and enhanced understanding in some taxa that have specialized features of digestion that are not necessarily captured in the simplest reactor models. Domestic dogs and other canids are opportunistic carnivores (carnoomnivores) that utilize a varied diet, occasionally including vegetable material; and felids, including the domestic cat, are specialized carnivores adapted to a high-protein/fat diet containing very little carbohydrate. Verri T, Kottra G, Romano A, Tiso N, Peric M, Maffia M, Boll M, Argenton F, Daniel H, Storelli C. Molecular and functional characterisation of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) PEPT1-type peptide transporter. Intestinal lipid absorption. Instead, they ascribed the difference in the inhibition by these plant SMs of glucose absorption to the rats much greater reliance on glucose transporters for intestinal glucose absorption than is the case for robins. Upon leaving the duodenum, enters the middle portion of the small intestine, the jejunum. (A) Food types can be ranked according to their relative content of refractory material, which in this case is based largely on neutral detergent fiber (248).