This is perhaps the most common factor for extralinguistic causes of semantic change. Directional systems in Athapaskan and Na-Dene, in Athapaskan Linguistics: Current Perspectives on a Language Family, eds E. Cook and K. D. Rice (Berlin: de Gruyter), 575622. Uphill and downhill in a flat world: the conceptual topography of the Yupno house. In this paper, I have examined elevational demonstratives, mainly focusing on their semantic and pragmatic properties. Another important finding of this study concerns the metaphorical extension of spatial elevational demonstrative meanings to the domain of time: the future is metaphorically located higher than the deictic center, and the past below. How many types of semantic changes are there? 177186). Typol. Palmer, B., Lum, J. T. S., Schlossberg, J., and Gaby, A. R. (2017). doi: 10.3758/bf03205000. An example of alinguistic cause would be linguistic analogy - a process where when a word gets a new meaning, so does its synonyms. A Grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik: An Eskimo Language. For example, sometimes when discussing horse racing, the tracks are referred to as 'turf'. For example, in everyday use, a child might make use of semantics to understand a mom's directive to "do your chores" as, "do your chores whenever you feel like it." Following Diessel (1999, p. 2; see also Dixon, 2003), demonstratives are deictic expressions serving specific syntactic and pragmatic functions. Amelioration elevates a word's meaning over time. Topographical deixis and the Tani languages, in North East Indian Linguistics, Vol. The basic semantic values that elevational demonstratives encode can be ordered along a hierarchy (UP/DOWN > LEVEL/ACROSS) that reflects cross-linguistic tendencies in the frequency of the respective elevational values. But what connects rivers with what was said before about the vertical axis is the fact that gravity causes the flow of the water in a certain direction and the direction is absolute and independent of an anchoring point. Broadening is when a word's meaning changes to become more generalised. Semantically, elevational demonstratives are deictic expressions that also convey elevational or verticality distinctions. The elevation of meaning refers to the derogatory meaning and neutral meaning change into commendatory meaning. The more specific value ACROSS (8 languages) occurs only around half as often as LEVEL (19 languages). There are two types of semantics: logical and lexical. An example of Semantic Widening Guy - Guido (Guy) Fawkes was the leader of the plot to blow up the English Houses of Parliament.