The Topol Review: Preparing the Healthcare Workforce to Deliver the Digital Future. As Claudia Huerkamp notes, it took a long time to establish a specific medical culture in which the physical examination of female parts by a male physician was not perceived as breaking a taboo (1989, 67). Paris: Brosson. ), and it follows a population health surveillance logic rather than the logic of the treatment of individual cases. Crucially, technologies like the stethoscope brought the physician and patient into the examination room together but by providing physicians with privileged access to the seat of disease did not necessarily bring them closer in terms of understanding. in epidemiology research), changed its focus from the individual case study to population studies (see Hess and Mendelsohn 2010). Outside the developed world that capability has the potential to be transformative, according to Jha. Volume 1: Medical Ethics and Etiquette in the Eighteenth Century, edited by Robert Baker, Dorothy Porter and Roy Porter, 19-46. Various contributions from patients, physicians, bioethicists, and social scientists have warned that computer technologies somehow stand between the physician and the patient and that there is a fundamentally human aspect of medicine that coexists uneasily with machines (e.g. We ensured the data set is of high quality, enabling the AI system to achieve a performance similar to that of radiologists, Lee said. 1987. Regular in-person physical examination as a routine practice and diagnostic technology is a rather recent development that came along with a new anatomical understanding of disease during the course of the nineteenth century, namely that diseases can be traced to individual body parts such as organs, tissues and cells, rather than unbalanced bodily humours (Reiser 1978, 29). Significant private investments have been driving these changes which, in the forms of smart devices and wearable technologies, often imply purchasing a product (e.g. Tracing the evolution of computers gives us a clearer historical vantage point from which to view our fast changing world. Bks, V. and K. Aafjes-van Doorn. In the wake of the European voyages of discovery, the range of products became ever wider and more expensive, and apothecaries were a very profitable business branch for a long time (Ehrlich 2007, 51-55). 5Interestingly, and probably most important for their users, nine out of ten among the ranked apps are available as free downloads (https://www.digitaltrends.com/mobile/best-health-apps/, June 16, 2019). This is partly because the early modern doctor-patient relationship was based on a horizontal model of healing (Pomata 1998, 126-27, 135) and a legally binding agreement for a cure (ibid., 25 passim), which gave considerable power to patients, placing them on near-equal hermeneutic footing with doctors (Fissell 1991, 92). The question is: Will we be better off?. Jan 2006. In the estimation of one hospital CEO, this dramatic democratization of technology and of knowledge signals a true coming of age of the patient at the centre of the healthcare universe (Rosenberg 2019). The benefits of using a telephone instead of the more traditional speaking tube, which allowed breath to pass from one speaker to another, when communicating with patients with contagious diseases were recognised very early (Aronson 1977, 73). According to Rose, by such developments, selfhood has become intrinsically somatic ethical practices increasingly take the body as a key site for work on the self (18). Amicomed. Physician and patron (patient) made a contract in which the mostly upper class-patient would only pay fees after successful treatment; vice versa, doctors were not obliged to treat a patient but would rather take on patients whose potential cure, and ability to pay fees, could be foreseen.